The classic, practical spiral-bound edition now is published every other year. AP Stylebook, 55th Edition spiral-bound print Published in , the 55th edition of The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law includes more than new or revised entries, with chapters covering data journalism, business, religion and sports terms, as well as media law, news values, punctuation, social media and polls and surveys, plus a new chapter on digital security for journalists.
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Choose the right AP Stylebook online subscription for your needs: How many users do you have? No, AP Stylebook guidance is all I need. Yes, I would like to sign up for automatic renewal and ensure uninterrupted access to AP style guidance. Do you prefer a named-user site license or a concurrent-user site license? I would like a named-user site license, so everyone in my organization has an individual username and password and can add their own, personal custom entries and notes.
I would like a concurrent-user license, so we pay only for the number of people using Stylebook Online at the same time. Find my Stylebook. Formerly Boeing Aircraft Co. Do not use boldface for individual words within a paragraph. Baloney is foolish or exaggerated talk. Use a generic term such as audiotape or audiocassette. Boston The city in Massachusetts stands alone in datelines. Boston brown bread, Boston cream pie, Boston terrier boulevard Abbreviated only with a numbered address. Use man or young man afterward.
An embargo is a legal restriction against trade. It usually prohibits goods from entering or leaving a country. Headquarters is in Irving, Texas. Cub Scouting is for boys 8 through Members are Cub Scouts or Cubs. Boy Scouting is for boys 11 through Members are Boy Scouts or Scouts.
Exploring is a separate program open to boys and girls from high school age through Members are Explorers, not Explorer Scouts. Members of units that stress nautical programs are Sea Explorers. See Girl Scouts. BP is acceptable on second reference. Headquarters is in London. Brahman, Brahmin Brahman applies to the priestly Hindu caste and a breed of cattle. Brahmin applies to aristocracy in general: Boston Brahmin. Brand names normally should be used only if they are essential to a story.
Sometimes, however, the use of a brand name may not be essential but is acceptable because it lends an air of reality to a story: He fished a Camel from his shirt pocket may be preferable to the less specific cigarette.
Also use a separate paragraph to provide the name of a sponsor when the brand name is not part of the formal title. Brand name is a nonlegal term for service mark or trademark.
See entries under those words. Richard Bright, the London physician who first diagnosed this form of kidney disease. Brill, a U. A form of epidemic typhus fever in which the disease recurs years after the original infection. See United Kingdom. Headquarters is in Hounslow, England.
British Broadcasting Corp. BBC is acceptable in all references within contexts such as a television column. Otherwise, do not use BBC until second reference. British Commonwealth See Commonwealth, the. British thermal unit The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit. Btu the same for singular and plural is acceptable on second reference. British ton See ton. British Virgin Islands Use with a community name in datelines on stories from these islands.
Specify an individual island in the text if relevant. The term off-off-Broadway refers to workshop productions that may use Equity members for a limited time at substandard pay. Other unions maintain a hands-off policy, agreeing with the Equity attitude that actors should have an opportunity to whet their talents in offbeat roles without losing their Equity memberships. Bronze Age The age characterized by the development of bronze tools and weapons, from to B.
Regarded as coming between the Stone Age and the Iron Age. Headquarters is in Cleveland. For possessives: Warner Bros. Use brunette as a noun for females. See British thermal unit. Budapest The capital of Hungary. In datelines, follow it with Hungary. Buddha, Buddhism A major religion founded in India about B. Buddha, which means enlightened one, was the name given to Gautama Siddhartha by his followers.
Buddhists believe that correct thinking and self-denial will enable the soul to reach nirvana, a state of release into ultimate enlightenment and peace. Until nirvana is reached, believers cannot be freed from the cycle of death and rebirth.
There are three major groups within Buddhism: — Theravada or Hinayana some find the latter term pejorative : Followers stress monastic discipline and attainment of nirvana by the individual through meditation. The ideal life is that of virtue and wisdom. The sect is found mostly in Japan, Korea and eastern China. Zen is a distinctive Mahayana movement in which followers seek enlightenment through introspection and intuition. The doctrines are similar to Mahayana and like Mantrayana there is a loose structure of leaders and disciples.
This group is found mostly in Japan. Its most prominent leader is the Dalai Lama. It is similar to Mahayana but also has a structure of spiritual leaders and disciples, believes in various evil spirits and deities, uses magic, and has secret rituals. Bufferin A trademark for buffered aspirin. A tap is a device attached to a telephone circuit to pick up conversations on the line.
Capitalize the proper names of buildings, including the word building if it is an integral part of the proper name: the Empire State Building. Lowercase when used alone or to designate a corporate subdivision: the Washington bureau of The Associated Press.
Larceny is the legal term for the wrongful taking of property. Its nonlegal equivalents are stealing or theft. Robbery in the legal sense involves the use of violence or threat in committing larceny. In a wider sense it means to plunder or rifle, and may thus be used even if a person was not present: His house was robbed while he was away.
Theft describes a larceny that did not involve threat, violence or plundering. The verb forms: bus, bused, busing. See buss, busses. To convert to liters, multiply by See liter. The verb forms: buss, bussed, bussing. See bus, buses. Some examples: byline bypass byproduct bystreet By-election is an exception.
See the next entry. The term most often is associated with special elections to the British House of Commons. Nicknames should not be used unless they specifically are requested by the writer.
The capital letter distinguishes the word from the common noun meaning cupboard, which is lowercase. See department for a listing of all the U. Cabinet departments. Cabinet titles Capitalize the full title when used before a name; lowercase in other uses: Secretary of State Cyrus R. Vance, but Juanita M. Kreps, secretary of commerce. Caesarean section caliber The form:. See weapons. California Abbrev. Such stations include amateur radio and NOAA weather stations. See channel; citizens band; radio station; and television station.
Cambodia Use this rather than Kampuchea in datelines since the country continues to be known more widely by this name. In the body of stories Kampuchea may be used as long as it is identified as another name for Cambodia. Cameroon Not Camerouns or Cameroun. See geographic names. Headquarters is in Kansas City, Mo. Both girls and boys are included in all levels of the organization.
Children in third through fifth grades are Adventure club members. Children in sixth through eighth grades are Discovery members. Youths in ninth through 12th grades are Horizon members. For all other datelines, use the city name and the name of the province or territory spelled out.
The provinces have substantial autonomy from the federal government. The territories are administered by the federal government, although residents of the territories do elect their own legislators and representatives to Parliament. Canada goose Not Canadian goose. Canadian Broadcasting Corp. CBC is acceptable in all references within contexts such as a television column. Other- wise, do not use CBC until second reference. Canal Zone Do not abbreviate.
No longer used except when referring to the Panama Canal area during the time it was controlled by the United States, See the weapons entry. A canon is a law or rule, particularly of a church.
See dialect. Better is: can hardly. Canuck This reference to a Canadian is sometimes considered a derogatory term. It should be avoided except when in quoted matter or in terms used in Canada, such as references to the hockey team, the Vancouver Canucks.
Canvass is a noun and a verb denoting a survey. Lowercase when standing alone. Although local practice may call for capitalizing the Cape when the rest of the name is clearly understood, always use the full name on first reference in wire copy.
On second reference in wire copy, either repeat the full name or use the cape in lowercase. Cape Canaveral, Fla. Formerly Cape Kennedy. See John F. Kennedy Space Center.
Do not capitalize. When used in a financial sense, capital describes money, equipment or property used in a business by a person or corporation. Use a capital letter only if you can justify it by one of the principles listed here. Many words and phrases, including special cases, are listed separately in this book. Entries that are capitalized without further comment should be capitalized in all uses. Use lowercase if the dictionary lists it as an acceptable form for the sense in which the word is being used.
As used in this book, capitalize means to use uppercase for the first letter of a word. If additional capital letters are needed, they are called for by an example or a phrase such as use all caps. Some words, such as the examples just given, are always proper nouns. Some common nouns receive proper noun status when they are used as the name of a particular entity: General Electric, Gulf Oil.
Lowercase these common nouns when they stand alone in subsequent references: the party, the river, the street. Lowercase the common noun elements of names in all plural uses: the Democratic and Republican parties, Main and State streets, lakes Erie and Ontario. The principle applies also to shortened versions of the proper names of one-of-a-kind events: the Series for the World Series , the Derby for the Kentucky Derby. This practice should not, however, be interpreted as a license to ignore the general practice of lowercasing the common noun elements of a name when they stand alone.
Lowercase words that are derived from a proper noun but no longer depend on it for their meaning: french fries, herculean, manhattan cocktail, malapropism, pasteurize, quixotic, venetian blind. See sentences and parentheses. In poetry, capital letters are used for the first words of some phrases that would not be capitalized in prose. See poetry. See composition titles; magazine names; and newspaper names. Lowercase formal titles when used alone or in constructions that set them off from a name by commas.
Use lowercase at all times for terms that are job descriptions rather than formal titles. See academic titles; courtesy titles; legislative titles; military titles; nobility titles; religious titles; and titles. See the abbreviations and acronyms entry. Capitol and the Capitol when referring to the building in Washington: The meeting was held on Capitol Hill in the west wing of the Capitol. Follow the same practice when referring to state capitols: The Virginia Capitol is in Richmond.
Thomas Jefferson designed the Capitol of Virginia. Lowercase and spell out in such uses as team captain Carl Yastrzemski. A carat is equal to milligrams or about 3 grains. The proportion of pure gold used with an alloy is expressed in karats. Headquarters is in Atlanta. Castor is the spelling for the oil and the bean from which it is derived. Use lowercase for the wormlike larva of various insects.
Most subsequent references may be condensed to Catholic Church, Catholic or Catholicism. Roman Catholic should continue to be used, however, if the context requires a distinction between Roman Catholics and members of other denominations who often describe themselves as Catholic. They include some high church Episcopalians who often call themselves Anglo-Catholics , members of Eastern Orthodox churches, and members of some national Catholic churches that have broken with Rome.
Lowercase catholic where used in its generic sense of general or universal, meanings derived from a similar word in Greek. Those who use Catholic in a religious sense are indicating their belief that they are members of a universal church that Jesus Christ left on Earth.
Caucasian cave in v. CB See citizens band radio. CD-ROM disc is redundant. The proper term is concrete not cement pavement, blocks, driveways, etc. The verb form is cease fire. To censor is to prohibit or restrict the use of something. To censure is to condemn. Use celebrator for someone having a good time: The celebrators kept the party going until 3 a. Celsius Use this term rather than centigrade for the temperature scale that is part of the metric system.
The Celsius scale is named for Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer who designed it. In it, zero represents the freezing point of water, and degrees is the boiling point at sea level.
To convert to Fahrenheit, multiply a Celsius temperature by 9, divide by 5 and add 32 25 x 9 equals , divided by 5 equals 45, plus 32 equals 77 degrees Fahrenheit. When giving a Celsius temperature, use these forms: 40 degrees Celsius or 40 C note the space and no period after the capital C if degrees and Celsius are clear from the context.
See Fahrenheit and metric system entries. It works with state health departments to provide specialized services that they are unable to maintain on an everyday basis.
The normal form for first reference is the national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC is acceptable on second reference. Move a decimal point two places to the left in converting to the basic unit: There are 10 millimeters in a centimeter. A centimeter is approximately the width of a large paper clip. To convert to inches, multiply by. See meter; metric system; and inch. The formal title for the individual who heads the agency is director of central intelligence.
Numerals alone, with or without a decimal point as appropriate, may be used in tabular matter. Ceylon It is now Sri Lanka, which should be used in datelines and other references to the nation. The people may be referred to as Ceylonese n. The language is Sinhalese. Do not capitalize as a casual, temporary position: meeting chairman Robert Jones.
Capitalize when used before a name. See the premier, prime minister entry and titles. No channel will broadcast the game. Also: the English Channel, but the channel on second reference.
Always use Arabic figures: Chapter 1, Chapter Reputation refers to the way a person is regarded by others. Charlestown is a section of Boston. Charles Town is the name of a small city in West Virginia. The terms come from Nicolas Chauvin, a soldier of Napoleon I, who was famous for his devotion to the lost cause. Chemical Mace A trademark, usually shortened to Mace, for a brand of tear gas that is packaged in an aerosol canister and temporarily stuns its victims.
Use the algebraic notation in providing tabular summaries. Thus, each square is identified by its file letter and rank number. No symbol is used for the pawn. For instance, Bb5 means the bishop moves to square b5. Thus, e4 means the pawn on the e file moves to e4. The other half is queenside. Thus, if a rook on d1 were to move to d4, but another rook also could move there, instead of Rd4 the move would be given as R1d4. If there are black knights on c6 and e6, and the one on e6 moves to d4, the move is given as Ned4.
The form, taken from a championship match: 1. Qg6 Bxh6 Rxh6 Rc5 Rh7 Formerly Standard Oil Co. Chevy Not Chevie or Chevvy. This nickname for the Chevrolet should be used only in automobile features or in quoted matter.
Chicago The city in Illinois stands alone in datelines. Lowercase when it is not a formal title: union chief Walter Reuther. The officeholder is the chief justice of the United States, not of the Supreme Court. See judge. Use the last name, however, if the seriousness of the story calls for it, as in a murder case, for example. Use the surname for those 18 and older. Chile The nation. China When used alone, it refers to the mainland nation. Use it in datelines and other routine references.
For datelines on stories from the island of Taiwan, use the name of a community and Taiwan. In the body of a story, use Nationalist China or Taiwan for references to the government based on the island. Use the formal name of the government, the Republic of China, when required for legal precision. Chinaman A patronizing term. Confine it to quoted matter.
Chinese names For most Chinese place names and personal names, use the official Chinese spelling system known as Pinyin: Senior leader Deng Xiaoping, Beijing, or Zhejiang province.
Note that the Chinese usually give the family name first Deng followed by the given name Xiaoping. Second reference should be the family name only: Deng. The Pinyin spelling system eliminates the hyphen or apostrophe previously used in many given names. If the new Pinyin spelling of a proper noun is so radically different from the traditional American spelling that a reader might be confused, provide the Pinyin spelling followed by the traditional spelling in parentheses.
For example, the city of Fuzhou Foochow. Follow local spellings in stories dealing with Hong Kong and Taiwan. Some Chinese have Westernized their names, putting their given names or the initials for them first: P. Chen, Jack Wang. Use the courtesy titles Mrs. Never use Madame or Mme. Christian Church Disciples of Christ The parentheses and the words they surround are part of the formal name.
The body owes its origins to an early 19th-century frontier movement to unify Christians. Stone in Kentucky, merged in The local church is the basic organizational unit. National policies are developed by the General Assembly, made up of representatives chosen by local churches and regional organizations. The church lists , members. All members of the clergy may be referred to as ministers.
Christmas, Christmas Day Dec. In answering these questions, Is English Changing? Showing that English, like all living languages, has historically changed and continues to change, this book: analyzes developments in the lexicon, the way words are spoken or written, and the way in which speakers and writers use words; offers a basic overview of the major subfields of linguistics, including phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics, all viewed through the prism of language change; discusses change over time with examples from Old English, Middle English, and Modern English; reinforces important concepts with examples from other languages, including Spanish, Japanese, and Czech; clearly defines key terms and includes advice on rules, usage, and style, as well as ample annotated further reading and activities throughout.
Aimed at undergraduate students with little or no prior knowledge of linguistics, this book is essential reading for those studying this topic for the first time. This book examines the deeper meaning of the advent of the Al Jazeera Media Network with regard to ongoing debates on global communication ethics, not only in the global public sphere but also in terms of its influence on new non-Western approaches to media ethics. Rather than simply calling for international perspectives on media ethic is a unique and significant addition to the literature on the topic.
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Qoheleth, also called Ecclesiastes, has been bad news for women throughout history. Throughout her interpretation, Wolfe explores multiple connections between this book and women of all times, from investigating how the verbs in the time poem in may relate to biblical and contemporary women alike, to noting that if indicates ancient beer making it thus reveals the women who made the beer itself.
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