Another alternative book is Pankaja Naik. Both of these are Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students by D. Vasudevan, Jaypee, View PDF Dr. Department of. Pawar Medical. RC, Vasantdada. Nagar, Adgaon ,. JP Medical Ltd,. Naresh Medical Book. Book Condition: new. Air Suryakanthi Jaypee. Biochemistry second edition. Pankaja naik ph. D Text book of biochemistry fourth edition. Singh Ph. View PDF 5 Biochemistry. III B. Book during the Practical Examination in the subject of Biochemistry only. Textbook of Biochemistry Pankaja Naik.
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Distribution of type of questions and marks for Biochemistry I shall be as given under. Pankaja Naik 2. View PDF 2. Biochemistry -PankajaNaik. The inside portion of this protein has movement of other ions, they are known as uniport ATPase activity Figure 1.
The energy liberated an external energy source is required; this movement by the hydrolysis of ATP leads to conformational is referred to as active transport.
Primary active transport this pump in the cells, controls cell volume. Secondary active transport. However, in active transport, the carrier proteins function differently Secondary Active Transport from the carrier in facilitated diffusion. Carrier Secondary active transport uses an energy generated by protein for active transport is capable of transport- an electrochemical gradient.
It is not directly coupled ing substance against the concentration gradient. Secondary active transport is classified into two types: Primary Active Transport 1. Pinocytosis cellular drinking extracellular fluid. Phagocytosis cellular eating. Lysosomes empty. For example, increasing centrifugal force.
After all the particulate matter has been removed, the soluble remnant is the cytosol. For example, mitochondria isolated in this way are contaminated with lysosome and peroxisomes. Plasma membrane is made up of: and smaller proportion of carbohydrates that are a Lipid bilayer linked to lipids and proteins. They c Maternal and paternal inherited are maternally inherited. All of the following statements about the nucleus network.
This network is called the cytoskeleton. Active d Outer and inner membranes of nucleus are transport occurs against concentration gradient which connected at nuclear pores depends on the supply of energy ATP. Specific a RBC carrier proteins are involved in such processes.
Whereas b Parenchymal cells the movement of ions and molecules from low to high c Skeletal muscle cells concentration by active transport requires energy. Chemically, they contain the elements in humans, cellulose in plants and chitin in insects carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. In Greek, saccharon means sugar. Monosaccharides or ketone derivatives of polyhydroxy more than one 2. Oligosaccharides hydroxy group alcohols or as compounds that yield 3.
The term Carbohydrates have a wide range of functions. The sugar is applied to carbohydrates that are soluble in following are few of them: water and sweet to taste. Table 2. They may be of carbon and the type of functional group present with subdivided into two groups as follows: examples is given in Table 2.
The most abundant 1. Depending upon the number of carbon atoms they monosaccharide in nature is six carbon sugar-D-glucose. Biologically important monosaccharides are listed in — Trioses Table 2.
Oligosaccharides consist of a short chain of monosaccharide 2. Oligosaccharides are subdivided into different groups based Classification of monosaccharides based on the number on the number of monosaccharide units present Table 2.
The disaccharides which have two monosaccharide — Inulin units are the most abundant in nature. Oligosaccharides — Cellulose. Polysaccharides are polymers consisting of hundreds or Heteropolysaccharides Heteroglycans thousands of monosaccharide units. They may be either monosaccharide units or their derivatives.
Polysaccharides have high molecular weight and are — Heparin only sparingly soluble in water. They are not sweetish and — Chondritin sulfate do not exhibit any of the properties of aldehyde or ketone — Hyaluronic acid group.
Polysaccharides are of two types Table 2. Homopolysaccharides homoglycans — Keratan sulfate ii. Heteropolysaccharides heteroglycans. The structure of glucose can — Starch be represented in the following ways Figure 2. The straight chain structural formula Fisher projection. Cyclic formula Ring structure or Haworth projection. Homopolysaccharides or Homoglycans, e. Heteropolysaccharides or Heteroglycans, e.
Figure 2. There is a keto group in position two of fructose and an aldehyde group in position one of glucose Figure 2.
This type of isomerism is known as ketose-aldose isomerism. The structures of D and L- hemiacetal or hemiketal respectively. OH group of C-5 or C-4 to form either six membered ring called glucopyranose or five membered ring called glucofuranose, respectively. In the case of fructose, the more stable form is fructofuranose.
The phenomenon of existence of isomers is called isomerism. The five types of isomerism exhibited by sugar are as follows: 1. Ketose-aldose isomerism 2. D and L isomerism 3. Optical isomerism 4. Epimerism 5. Ketose-Aldose isomerism Glucose and fructose are isomers of each other having the same chemical molecular formula C6H12O6, but Figure 2. These two forms are called enantiomers. Optical activity is the capacity of a substance to rotate the plane polarized light passing through it.
Since and C-2 respectively. Galactose and mannose are not the activity of each isomer cancel one another, such epimers of each other as they differ in configuration at a mixture is said to be a racemic or dl mixture. Rather, the open chain. Carbon-1 of glucose in the open chain form, Some of the important chemical properties of mono- becomes an asymmetric carbon in the ring form Figure saccharides are: 2.
These are: 1. Action of phenylhydrazine: Osazone formation. This interconversion was detected by optical rotation. This change attached to the double bonded carbon Figure 2. Thus, glucose is oxidized to gluconic Figure 2. Reduction to Form Sugar Alcohol Both aldoses and ketoses may be reduced by enzymes or non-enzymatically to the corresponding polyhydroxy alcohols. The alcohols formed from glucose, mannose, fructose and galactose are given in Figure 2.
The bond so formed is reducing sugars with phenylhydrazine and have a charac- known as glycosidic or glycosyl bond. Amino sugars have a hydroxyl group replaced by an Doxirubicin is used to treat a wide range of cancers. Deoxy sugars possess a hydrogen atom in place of one of their hydroxy groups Figure 2. These are formed from the reaction of phosphoric acid with hydroxyl group of the sugar, e.
It acts as water soluble antioxidant. Importance Figure 2. Reducing disaccharides with free aldehyde or keto group, e. Non-reducing disaccharides with no free Figure 2. The Neuraminic Acid sugar contributing anomeric carbon is written first. Reducing Non-reducing with free aldehyde or ketone group absence of free aldehyde or ketone group.
Sucrose is an intermediate product of photosynthesis. Amylopectin Sucrose is the commonly used table sugar. The branch a non-reducing sugar. Figures 2. Poly- produces substances known as dextrins. These also occur in saccharides are colloidal in size. In polysaccharides, honey. All dextrins have few free aldehyde groups and can monosaccharide units are joined together by glycosidic show mild reducing property.
They are not fermented by yeast. Polysaccharides are subclassified in two groups Table 2. Glycogen Animal Starch 1. Homopolysaccharides Homoglycans : When a polysaccharide is made up of several units of one Glycogen is the major storage form of carbohydrate and the same type of monosaccharide unit only, it is glucose in animals, found mostly in liver and muscle. It is often called animal starch.
Heteropolysaccharides Heteroglycans : They contain The structure of glycogen is similar to that of two or more different types of monosaccharide amylopectin, except that it is more highly branched, units or their derivatives. However, the ruminants can utilize cellulose because they have in their digestive tract microorganisms whose enzymes hydrolyze cellulose.
Cellulose Cellulose is the chief constituent of cell wall of plants. It occurs in the molecule of hyaluronic acid to form proteoglycan tubers of some plants, e. Clinical importance of Inulin Inulin has clinical importance as it is used in the studies of glomerular filtration rates kidney function test. Glycosaminoglycans are: and sucrose.
Some function as c Heteroglycans storage forms of carbohydrates, e. Many cell surface proteins and extracellular a Hyaluronic acid proteins are glycoproteins. All the following are composed exclusively of: c Mannans d Xylans glucose, except: Which of the following statements is true for 9-a c fructose?
Complex or compound lipids 3. Derived lipids. Lipids are a major source of energy for the body besides their various other biochemical function and their role in Simple Lipids cellular structure. Lipids are a heterogenous group of These are esters of fatty acids with various alcohols. Lipids Depending on the type of alcohols, these are sub- include fats, oils, steroids, waxes and related compounds. Neutral fats or triacylglycerol or triglycerides of lipids. Because they are uncharged, they are termed Definition of Lipids as neutral fat.
The fat we eat are mostly triglycerides. A fat in liquid state is called an oil, e. They are esters of fatty acids with Waxes alcohol esters and are utilizable by the living organism. True waxes These are esters of fatty acids with higher molecular Classification of Lipids weight monohydric long chain alcohols.
These com- pounds have no importance as far as human metabolism There are many different methods of classifying lipids. These are widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic Lipoproteins and other industries in the manufacture of lotions, Lipoproteins are formed by combination of lipid with a ointments and polishes.
Derived Lipids. Complex or Compound Lipids Derived lipids include the products obtained after the hydrolysis of simple and compound lipids which These are esters of fatty acids, with alcohol containing possess the characteristics of lipids, e. Phospholipids Functions of Lipids Lipids containing, in addition to fatty acids and an Lipids serve as: alcohol, a phosphoric acid residue. Examples of glycero- component of plasma membrane. They act as a solvent for the transport The alcohol present is sphingosine, e.
These sugar chemical formula R-COOH, where R stands for containing sphingolipids are also called glycosphingo- hydrocarbon chain. The fatty acids are amphipathic in lipids. For example: nature, i. Table 3. Saturated fatty acids Acetic acid 1 0 Propionic acid 3 0 n-butyric acid 4 0 Valeric acid 5 0 Louratic acid 12 0 Myristic acid 14 0 - - Palmitic acid 16 0 Stearic acid 18 0 Arachidic acid 20 0 Behenic acid 22 0 Lignoceric acid 24 0.
Some naturally occurring fatty acids are given in Table 3. Saturated fatty acids There is no double bond in the hydrocarbon chain of Classification of Fatty Acids these fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acids are subclassified Fatty acids are classified into four major classes Figure 3. Straight chain fatty acids a. Even carbon acids carry even number of carbons, 2.
Branched chain fatty acids e. Substituted fatty acids b. Odd carbon acids carry odd number of carbons, e. Cyclic fatty acids. Straight Chain Fatty Acids Unsaturated fatty acids Fatty acids, in which the carbons are arranged linearly, These contain double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains. Saturated fatty acids double bonds present in the structure as follows: ii. Unsaturated fatty acids. Monoenoic or monounsaturated fatty acid b. Polyenoic or polyunsaturated fatty acid.
Cyclic Fatty Acids linoleic acid present in soyabean, sunflower, Fatty acids bearing cyclic groups are present in some saffola and groundnut oil. Chaulmoogric acid of chaulmoogra seed. Linolenic acid present in poppyseed oil, linseed oil. Functions of Fatty Acids — Tetraenoic acid with four double bonds, e.
Fatty acids have three major physiological functions. They serve as building blocks of phospholipids and glycolipids. These amphipathic molecules are Branched Chain Fatty Acids important components of biological membranes. These are less abundant than straight chain acids in 2.
Fatty acid derivatives serve as hormones, e. Fatty acids serve as a major fuel for most cells. Figure 3. Representation of Double Bonds of Fatty Acids Humans lack the enzymes to introduce double bonds Two systems are used to designate the position of at carbon atoms beyond C9 in the fatty acid chain.
Linoleic acid and linolenic acid supplied by the diet are For example, oleic acid is a C18 fatty acid with one the precursors for the synthesis of a variety of other double bond between carbon number 9 and 10 is unsaturated fatty acids. These fatty acids are important constituents of phospho- This method is widely used by nutritionists.
Rancidity may oxidation. The action of lipase brings about partial hydrolysis of glycerides of fat. The processes. For example, oxidation at the double products are glycerol and the alkali salts of the fatty bonds of unsaturated fatty acids of glycerides may acids, which are called soaps Figure 3. Acid form peroxides, which then decompose to form hydrolysis of a fat yields the free fatty acids and glycerol.
Many natural vegetable fats and oils may contain antioxidants like vitamin E which prevent onset of rancidity. Therefore, vegetable fats can be preserved for a longer time than animal fats.
Saponification Number Figure 3. It is inversely proportional to the molecular weight of fat. This value is high in fats containing a short chain fatty acids. It is commercially valuable as a method of converting these Iodine Number liquid fats, usually of plant origin into solid fats as The number of gms of iodine required to saturate margarines, vegetable ghee, etc.
Since iodine is taken up by the double bonds, a high iodine Peroxidation number indicates a high degree of unsaturation of the Peroxidation auto-oxidation of lipids exposed to fatty acids in fat, e.
To control and reduce peroxidation, humans fat or oil as well as is used for identification of adulteration make use of antioxidants. Naturally occurring antioxidants of oils. Acid Number linkages, triacylglycerols are nonpolar, hydrophobic Number of mg of KOH required to neutralize the free and neutral in charges molecules, essentially fatty acids present in one gm of fat is known as acid insoluble in water.
Acid number is directly triacylglycerol decreases the melting temperature of proportional to the rancidity. The edibility of a fat is the lipid and remains in liquid form oil. The largely of triacylglycerols with unsaturated fatty acids presence of free fatty acids in any oil indicates that it is and thus are liquids at room temperature.
The admixture alcohol, phosphoric acid and nitrogenous base. These are esters of fatty acids with glycerol. Triacylglycerol consists of three fatty acids, which are esterified through their carboxyl groups, resulting in a loss of negative charge and formation of neutral fat. The fatty acid on carbon 1 is usually saturated.
That on carbon 2 is usually unsaturated and that on carbon 3 can be either of the two. The stereospecific numbering sn of the glycerol carbon atom is shown in Figure 3.
Classification of Phospholipids There are two classes of phospholipids Figure 3. Glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerides, that contain glycerol as the alcohol. Sphingophospholipids that contain sphingosine as the alcohol. It reduces surface tension in the alveoli, thereby prevents alveolar collapse adherence of the inner surfaces of the lungs. The ethanolamine in place of choline Figure 3.
Different types of glycerophospholipids are discussed below. These are most abundant phospholipids action of hormones like oxytocine and vasopressin. It acts as a lung surfactant and through an ether, rather than an ester bond Figure 3. Phosphatidylcholines lamine. Phosphatidylethanolamines Cardiolipin Diphosphatidylglycerol iii. The membrane and is necessary for optimum function of most common of these are lysophosphatidylcholine the electron transport process.
Glycolipids consist of alcohol sphingosine. Classification of Glycolipids Four classes of glycolipids have been distinguished: 1. Cerebrosides 2. Sulfatides 3. Globosides 4. Lipotropic factor is the component that prevents fatty liver, i. They also serve as receptors for cholera and tetanus toxins. The simplest ganglioside found in tissues is bond between carbon atoms 5 and 6 Figure 3. G represents Ganglioside, M represents mono which indicate presence of one residue of NANA and subscript number assigned on the basis of chromatographic migration of ganglioside.
These are : 1. Steroid hormones: Cholesterol is the precursor 1. Chylomicrons of the five steroid hormones, e. Very low density lipoproteins VLDL i. Progesterones 3. Low density lipoprotein LDL ii. Glucocorticoids 4. High density lipoprotein HDL. Androgens male sex hormones proportions of lipids and proteins Table 3. The vi. Estrogen female sex hormones. Bile acids: Bile acids, derived from cholesterol, to triacylglycerol content. As the density increases, the act as a detergent in the intestine, emulsifying diameter of the particle decreases as shown in dietary fats to make them readily accessible to Figure 3.
Vitamin D: It is derived from cholesterol and is and 99 percent triacylglycerol have the lowest essential in calcium and phosphate metabolism. Cholesterol is the formed by a combination of lipid and protein that predominant lipid in LDL, whereas phospholipid is transport insoluble lipids through the blood between the predominant lipid in HDL. A polyunsaturated fatty acid containing carbon atoms from which they take their general name Greek: eikosi means twenty.
Because of this effect, they have been used to terminate unwanted pregnancies. PGE2 are involved in relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle. PGE2 promote aggregation and are thus, involved in the blood clotting. It can lower systemic arterial pressure through their vasodilator effect. C20 arochidonic acids are stored in tissues. Platelet aggregation initiates thrombus like actions.
As cAMP mediates the arterial wall and therefore, raises blood pressure. Leukotrienes LT Leukotrienes were so named because they were initially described in leucocytes and are characterized by a conjugated triene system but no such ring structure that is found in prostaglandins and thromboxanes.
Overproduction of LT causes asthmatic attacks. It has a hydrophilic or polar head phosphate Vesicles group attached to choline, ethanolamine, inositol, etc. In aqueous systems the polar enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles formed by these methods are nearly spherical in shape Figure 3.
In aqueous the aqueous phase Figure 3. Which of the following carbohydrates distingui- and the hydrophobic regions inside. Which ring of the cholesterol molecule contains esterified to the three hydroxyl groups of the glycerol a double bond? All of the following statements are true for phos- tails, are amphipathic and major components of phoglycerides, except: membranes. All of the following are sphingolipids, except: contain various sugar components.
The lipoprotein particles that have the highest transport insoluble lipids in the blood. The precursor for vitamin D is: c Glycolipids a Cholesterol b Arachidonic acid d Cholesterol esters c Triacylglycerol d Phospholipids All of the following statements about lipids are 2. Which of the following lipids is deficient in true, except: infants with respiratory distress syndrome?
Which of the following statements about choles- Which of the following is the major storage and terol is true? Which of the following phospholipids has an antigenic activity? Which of the following glycolipids is known to be 9-d a d b the receptor in human intestine for cholera toxin?
As the name indicates, protein is the most important of cell constituents. They are responsible for almost every Figure 4. Proteins are linear chains of amino acids that are linked together by covalent, peptide bonds. Nature or polarity of the side chain of the amino as the standard or primary or normal amino acids. Table contd Name Symbol Structural formula Basic groups containing side chains.
Histidine His H See above. The second edition of this comprehensive guide provides undergraduate medical students with the most up to date information in the field of biochemistry.
Divided into 35 chapters, the book covers all aspects of the subject, from cell and membrane transport, to chemistry of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, to metabolism, and finally molecular biology and biochemistry of specific disorders, connective tissues and muscles.
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