This section covers these quickly but they will be explained in more detail in a later chapter Chapter 7. Conditional sentences A sentence might express a condition and a consequence. In such cases a tense might be used with a different meaning than usual. Example: Conditional sentences If you come to my party you will receive a gift.
The moods mentioned included the declaratory mood for making statements, the interrogative mood for asking questions and so on. The subjunctive mood can be used to emphasise urgency or talk about things that might happen or are hypothetical.
It is not used much in modern British English but is used more in American English. Verbs taking the subjunctive mood have a simplified form which might differ from the way a verb is used in other moods. For example, the first person singular of the past tense of the verb be is I was. In the subjunctive mood it is I were. Example: Subjunctive mood I would not do that if I were you. He will always miss her. I suggest we start production in May. Vocabulary LO 1 On the successful completion of this paper, candidates will be able to use vocabulary correctly.
It is a word used to name a person, place, thing, animal or abstract concept. Nouns, noun phrases and pronouns function as subjects and objects of sentences.
A pronoun is a word that can be used in place of a noun or noun phrase. A noun phrase is a noun modified by other words. These words may come before or after the noun. A noun, noun phrase or pronoun can also function as a complement in a sentence. Classification of nouns Nouns are classified by what they refer to. The same word might be used as a title and in a generic sense to refer to one of a group.
Example: Title nouns Given — Mr Mister , Mrs married woman , Miss unmarried woman Earned — Professor, President They always start with a capital letter when used as a title but not otherwise. Example: Title nouns Doctor Barazani came to see me. A doctor came to see me. Concrete nouns This is the largest category of nouns and refers to things that can be experienced with the five senses.
In other words, a concrete noun refers to something that can be seen, heard, smelled, tasted or touched. Concrete nouns have physical substance and include inanimate objects and animate entities living organisms. Animate — bird, insect, tree Abstract nouns These are common nouns that refer to things that are intangible cannot be touched including ideas, qualities and concepts. Examples: Abstract nouns anger, bravery, brilliance, courage, compassion, childhood, charity, calm, deceit, delight, despair, faith, friendship, freedom honesty, hate, hope integrity, intelligence, intellect justice, joy knowledge, kindness love, loyalty, liberty patriotism, peace, pride, pleasure trust, truth reality wisdom, wonder Collective nouns This is a class of nouns that describe groups collections of one type of person, animal or thing.
Each collective noun is spoken of as a single entity but is made up of a number of similar persons, animals or things. They can be modified by a number or by determiners that refer to quantity such as every, each, several, etc. Uncountable nouns Uncountable nouns describe things that cannot be counted. They refer to substances, qualities etc. Example: Uncountable nouns Substances — butter, milk, rice, sugar, water Qualities — happiness, imagination, skill Other — art, electricity, furniture, gas, information, knowledge, music They are not used with an indefinite article a, an and are usually treated as singular, taking the singular form of a verb.
That news was very interesting. The furniture is very expensive. Mass nouns A mass noun is a type of uncountable noun which refers to substances that can be divided or measured but not counted. Mass noun cannot be modified by a number nor can they be used with determiners that refer to quantity such as every, each, several, etc.
However, they can be used with determiners that refer to amount such as some, all. Mass nouns may also be used with a partitive noun. A partitive noun is one that refers to a part of a mass noun and is usually followed by the preposition of.
Example: Mass nouns Mass nouns — butter, electricity, milk, rice, sugar, water Mass nouns with amount modifiers — some butter, all water Mass nouns with partitive nouns— a piece of furniture, some of the people, a slice of meat, a spoonful of sugar Both countable and uncountable Some nouns can be used as both countable and uncountable nouns but usually the noun has a very different meaning in each case.
Example: Nouns that can be both countable and uncountable Noun Countable Uncountable Time I have seen Iqbal four times today Time passes slowly when you are waiting for something. Light There are four lights in that room. It is not very light in here.
Room My house has eight rooms. There is not enough room to do that. Noise Did you hear a noise? There is too much noise to concentrate. The infinitive — I like to fish Another way of forming a noun from verb is to add —er to the verb to identify the doer of an action.
Verbs ending in —n are converted to the doer by adding —ner. Example: Verbal nouns Jump — jumper, run — runner, sin — sinner, murder — murderer Nouns may also be formed from verbs in other ways. Unfortunately these are all irregular. There is no rule that can be used to learn these; each must be learned separately.
Example: Other ways of creating a noun from a verb Method Verb Noun By adding a suffix discover discovery enlighten enlightenment inform information recognise recognition love love hate hate laugh laugh Simple conversion Compound nouns Compound nouns are formed from two or more words.
Some compound nouns are written as one word, others as a hyphenated word and others as two words. Sometimes there is no single correct form. Note that the use of hyphenation is becoming less popular in English.
Over time A change that happens over a period. This is not the case for English. However, English grammar does reflect biological gender. Gender is important in using the correct personal pronouns and possessive pronouns. Often the pronoun might be the only signal of gender in a sentence. Examples The doctor came in to the room and sat at her desk. The lecturer put his brief case on the desk. Pronouns are discussed in a later section and possessive pronouns in a later session.
Some nouns are gender specific. Most nouns that describe jobs are not gender specific but in some cases the feminine form is made by adding —ess. Often the base form of the noun is used especially in professional circles.
Most nouns that describe jobs or professions have no gender they are neuter. Gender can be indicated using man, woman or a similar word as an adjective.
There are several ways of forming a plural. The most common of these is to add —s to the end of the noun but plurals of nouns ending in certain letters might be formed by adding —s, —es —ies or —ves. These are usually items consisting of two equal parts joined together. Any verb that refers to such nouns must take a plural form. Examples: Pair of trousers Pair of pliers Where are my pliers? Are those my trousers? The plural form of these nouns is made by using pairs of.
Examples I went shopping yesterday and bought three pairs of trousers. Number nouns Number nouns e. However, they do take a plural form when used in an indefinite sense. Case Use Nominative case The noun used as a subject. Possessive genitive case The noun shown as possessing something.
Dative case The noun used as an indirect object. Objective case The noun used as a direct object. Vocative case The noun is being addressed. In many languages different cases are reflected in different spelling the noun is said to be inflected.
There is only one inflection of the base form in English. This is to form the possessive case. The other cases use the base form of the noun with its relationship to other words being derived from the structure of the sentence.
In fact the terms nominative, dative objective and vocative are not important in learning English. Both ways are acceptable. Examples: The dog cannot find its bone. It is difficult to generalise when the of possessive should be used but it is usually used to indicate possession of inanimate things and abstract ideas but not exclusively. The power of learning cannot be underestimated. The main use of pronouns is to refer to something that has been mentioned previously when it is said to have an antecedent.
I bought a book which I left on the bus. Pronouns can also be used when the name of what is being talked about is not known. Example: Pronouns with no antecedent. Who is making that noise? An earlier section explained that English nouns take the same form in all cases except for the possessive. Personal pronouns have different forms depending on whether the pronoun is the subject or object of a sentence, as well as for the possessive. Personal pronouns also have different forms to reflect person and gender in a sentence.
Singular: subject 1 st 2 nd Person 3rd masculine object Plural: subject object I me we us you you you you he him they them rd she her they them rd it it they them 3 feminine 3 neutral Example: Personal pronouns I subject gave it to him object. He subject gave it to me object We subject gave it to them object. They subject gave it to us object. Sometimes the speaker in a sentence is joined to another by a conjunction.
I or me must be used as appropriate depending on whether the phrase linking the speaker and the other person is acting as subject or object. Example: Personal pronouns My friend and I subject gave it to them object.
They subject gave it to my friend and me object. When a personal pronoun is connected by a conjunction to another noun or pronoun, its case does not change. Possessive pronouns have different forms to reflect person and gender in a sentence.
Do not be confused by the difference between possessive pronouns and possessive determiners. They both allow a speaker to indicate possession but in a different way. The pronoun reflects the action back onto the subject. They are formed by adding —self or —selves for the plural form to a personal or possessive pronoun. Example: If you do not stop doing that you will hurt yourself.
These pronouns are used when two or more subjects are involved in an action. Example: Seema gave a book to Farah. Farah gave a book to Seema.
Example: The family gave books to one another. They are used to indicate location of an object and, to a lesser extent, how recently something happened.
They allow a speaker to indicate the same sort of relationship in a slightly different way. Who, whom, whose and which are also used as interrogative pronouns. Relative pronouns are used in sentences containing more than one clause.
They link a subordinate clause the relative clause to a main clause. They relate the subordinate clause back to a noun phrase the antecedent in the main clause. Example: He is the man who played cricket for Pakistan. There is the dog that bit my sister. Who is used as the subject of a verb and whom as the object. There is an easy way to tell which should be used.
This test always works. Example: He who played cricket for Pakistan. You gave it to him whom? A relative pronoun links a relative clause to a main clause. A restricting relative clause cannot be removed from a sentence without affecting its basic meaning. Example: They have lost the i-pod which I lent them.
They have lost the i-pod that I lent them. The speaker is not so concerned that they have lost an i-pod so much as he is concerned that they have lost his i-pod. Example: The thing that impresses me most about him is the effort that he puts into studying. A non-restricting relative clause provides extra information that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. It must be introduced using by which with a pair of commas or which preceded by a comma.
Example: My new shoes, which cost me more than 3, PKR, fell apart after they were soaked in the storm. My new shoes, which cost me more than 3, PKR, fell apart after they were soaked in the storm. The main story here is the shoes fell apart after becoming wet. The difference between the two types of clause can be very subtle. Example: My car that has alloy wheels needs a new engine. Main message: the person owns more than one car but it is the one with alloy wheels that needs the engine.
My car, which has alloy wheels, needs a new engine. All of these are used to ask questions. Although this chapter covers pronouns it is convenient to say something about all three types of interrogatives at this stage.
By adding a few more words to the above list we can produce a full set of interrogatives. Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question about whatever the pronoun refers to.
Who, whom and whose are used to ask questions about people. Each of these words takes a different role in a sentence. Who is that? To whom did you give the letter? Whose books are these? Whom is not used very often in everyday spoken English. Which and what can be used to ask questions about things and people.
The words are used in the same form as subjects and as objects. Examples: Which of these is mine? What did you say to her? Which and what are only used to ask questions about people in limited circumstances. Examples: Which of you are coming with me? What does your father do? Remember the difference between the use of the words as pronouns and determiners. Example: Demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative determiners Pronoun — Which is your favourite film?
They are used to refer to one or more unspecified, people, places or things. The indefinite pronouns include those that refer to undefined people, groups or things. It is a singular noun that refers to a group of people. Example: Is everybody accounted for? Gender and number in a sentence or clause must be applied correctly. When an indefinite pronoun refers to a person or several persons the rest of the sentence must reflect the correct gender and number.
This can lead to problems for groups of mixed gender. Strictly speaking the singular form should be used but increasingly the plural form is used instead. Example: Has everybody handed in his and her assignment? Example: I explained this to Hasan and Parvaiz but neither understood what I said. Both passed the exam. Many have said the same thing before. Little is known about his early life.
Please do not eat anything before your blood test. Many of the above words used as pronouns are also used as determiners or partitives as explained in an earlier section. You e I know about his sister. He 05 Replace the underlined phrases with the possessive form: a Cheerful sounds of people filled the circus tent. Determiners Determiners are words placed in front of a noun to make it clear what the noun refers to. They make the meaning of the noun phrase more specific. Preceding it with a determiner adds more.
My house — not any house but mine. My first house — I have had more than one house but I am talking about the first of these.
My first large house — I have had several houses and in fact I have had several large houses. I am talking not about my first house but about my first large house.
The determiners used in each of the above examples give more information about the thing being referred to. The word an is used before nouns that start with a vowel sound. An honest man. In the above example an was used in front of a word starting with a silent h. An is often used before words starting with an h even when it is not silent.
Example: An historical monument note that this is not compulsory. The indefinite article is used as follows: Use Illustrations To refer to something for the first time. I bought a book on the way to college. To refer to one of a type. I saw an elephant today.
Ashim is a doctor. I have a violin. I saw a juggler at the market today. A friend of yours rang for you when you were out. The indefinite article is used extensively in English. There are other uses than those above. Only the most important have been mentioned.
It is the word found most frequently in English. The definite article is used in front of a noun when writer or speaker believes that the reader or listener knows what is being referred to. This might be for a number of reasons why this should be the case. Why the reader or listener should know what is being referred to Illustrations Something that has been mentioned previously is being mentioned again.
My friend rang me on my mobile phone and I was so distracted by the conversation that I left the book on the bus. The thing being referred to is unique. The president made a statement last night. Look at the bird with the red feathers. He is the fastest boy in the team. The definite article is also used in other circumstances.
Use Illustrations To refer to a general class when an adjective is used as a noun. He can play the guitar. She plays the violin. As stated above, the definite article is the most frequently used word in English. They are used to indicate location of an object in relation to the speaker. That ball is mine. The same words are also used as demonstrative pronouns.
In each case they allow the speaker to provide the same sort of information but in a different way. Possessive pronouns were covered in the last session but are shown in the table below for the sake of completeness.
There are several classes of quantifiers. Quantifier Use Illustrations a lot of, all, any, double, enough, half, less, more, most, much, no, some With countable nouns and uncountable nouns We went to a lot of trouble to do that.
I only want half a peach please. I had no trouble completing the assignment but Iqbal had some. I have spent all of my money. All of the students were late. Each student passed the exam. Every student passed the exam.
Not much rice for me please. Note that numbers can sometimes be used as quantifiers. This is where a large number is used to give an approximation. Example: Thousands of people lined the streets to welcome the team home. Ordinal numbers Indicate position in a sequence First, second, third, fourth Ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers by adding — th to the number except for one first , two second and three third and any number containing them.
There are eleven people in a hockey team. Example: He came last in the race. Distributive Meaning Illustrations all Every person or thing in a group of three or more. He is attempting all three papers. We argue every time that I see him. Every apple is rotten.
I like both brothers. I would be happy to go and see either film. I do not want see either of them. Neither film suits me. All items or persons in a group You must enter your candidate number on each referred to separately. Each student must bring a calculator. Either and or are used with a negative verb to have a negative meaning. Neither and nor are used with a positive verb to have a negative meaning. Interrogative Meaning Illustrations Which Used to ask a question about a specific group.
Which food do you prefer? Which regions of Pakistan have you visited? Which cinema shall we go to? What Used to ask a question in general. What university did you attend?
What time will you arrive? Whose Used to ask about possession or association. Whose brother is that? Whose keys are these? They both allow a speaker to seek information but in a different way.
Example: Demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative determiners Determiner — Which film is your favourite? Determiners are divided into groups for determining correct order. Use first predeterminers Use second central determiners Use third postdeterminers Some quantifiers all, both, half, double, twice Articles the, a, an Distributive every Demonstratives this, these, that, those Some quantifiers many, several, few, little, much, more, most, less Possessives my, your, her, his, their. This little bottle.
All my many friends Some determiners followed by the preposition of can be used before the central determiners. These include another, any, each, enough, either, a few, a little, neither, more, most none and some. Example: Neither of the plans was a good one. Few of my many friends were able to come.
However, this is a convenient point to cover them in more detail. Many simple sentences contain a subject the doer of the action a verb the action and an object the receiver of an action or the person or thing upon which an action falls. Some sentences do not have an object but a complement. The complement replaces the object and tells us something about the subject.
A subject complement might be a noun or an adjective. Adjectives are often used as complements with verbs like appear, be, feel, look, taste, smell etc. These are known as link verbs. Example: He is a doctor.
That smells nice. An object complement tells us something more about the object. An object complement follows the object and is found with verbs like make and call. Example: He called me mad! They are used to modify qualify or add meaning to a noun. The noun 'bear' means any animal of that group but could be any one of a number of species.
It describes two of the characteristics of the animal under discussion. Types of adjective Determiners make specific reference to the noun being referred to but adjectives tell you more about it.
However, some authors classify some words as adjectives and others classify them as determiners. It does not really matter what a word is called as long as it is used properly. This, that, these, those Interrogative adjectives Asks questions about the noun.
An adjective in this position is described as being predicative or as being in the predicative position and the verb is described as a link verb. Most adjectives can freely occur in either position but a small number are restricted to one position only. The adjectives like countless and main can only occur in the attributive position. Example: The main reason that I went was to see my friends.
Countless people were celebrating on the streets. The adjectives like afraid, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake content, glad, ready, sure and well can only be used with a link verb predicatively. Example: The two brothers are alike. A run at the start of the day makes me feel alive. The child was afraid. Are you awake? Exceptions A small number of adjectives can also follow a noun.
In this case they might have a different meaning to when they are used before the noun. This applies to only a small number of adjectives including absent, concerned, involved and present. Present used to mean at this time. All students present were given a certificate Present used to mean in attendance. There were a large number of concerned people at the meeting.
Concerned used to refer to those with an interest. The people concerned were very angry. Concerned used to refer to a specific group. Others may not agree with his assessment. Adjectives which give a general opinion can be used to describe almost any noun. These include words like awful, bad, beautiful, brilliant, excellent, important, good, lovely, nasty, nice, pretty, strange, and wonderful.
This may involve other small changes to the verb. Adjectives formed by adding —d or —ed are usually used before nouns. Adjectives formed by adding —ing are often used with link verbs.
Verb —ing adjectives —ed adjectives annoy annoying annoyed amuse amusing amused bore boring bored disappoint disappointing disappointed excite exciting excited frighten frightening frightened interest interesting interested shock shocking shocked surprise surprising surprised terrify terrifying terrified tire tiring tired worry worrying worried Adjectives formed from nouns There are many ways of forming adjectives from nouns by adding an ending and often changing, adding or losing one or more letters.
There are others too as well as a large number of irregular derivations. The comparative form of an adjective is used to compare a person or thing with another person or thing. It identifies which of the two has more or less of a stated quality or characteristic than the other. The comparative is often followed by the word than. Example: Abid is taller than Khushal. Faisalabad is bigger than Rawalpindi. Nadeem is the quicker of the two.
My car is more comfortable than yours. The superlative form of an adjective is used to compare a person or thing with more than one other person or thing. It identifies which of the two has the most or least of a stated quality or characteristic than the other.
The superlative form is usually preceded by the word the. Karachi is the biggest city in Pakistan. There are number of ways we could make the journey but flying would be quickest. Forming comparatives and superlatives The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are constructed in different ways.
The two regular methods of construction are as follows. Adjectives with one syllable Forming the comparative Forming the superlative add —er to the adjective add —est to the adjective If the adjective ends in —e, only —r and —st are added. If the adjective ends in —y, the —y changes to —i before adding the ending. Adjectives with three or more syllables Use the word more before the adjective Use the word most before the adjective Adjectives with two syllables.
Can follow either or both patterns. When in doubt use more. When in doubt use most. Example: Forming comparatives and superlatives Adjectives with one syllable e. He is the tallest.
I am more fortunate than most people. I am the most fortunate person that I know. Mangoes are tastier than apples. Mangoes are more tasty than apples.
Your brother is politer than you. Your brother is more polite than you. This sounds better Mangoes are the tastiest fruit. Mangoes are the most tasty fruit. Your brother is the politest person that I know. Your brother is the most polite person that I know. This sounds better 92 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan Chapter 4: Other parts of speech An adjective preceded by less comparative or least superlative is used to indicate the opposite of the above.
Example: Less and least Adjectives with one syllable I am less tall than you. He is the least tall in the class. Adjectives with three or more syllables I am less fortunate than most people. I am the least fortunate person that I know. Adjectives with two syllables.
Mangoes are less tasty than apples. Mangoes are least tasty fruit. Your brother is less polite than you. Your brother is the least polite person I know. Irregular adjectives A small but important group of irregular adjectives form the comparative and superlative by having different words that do not follow the above pattern.
They can be used to strengthen or weaken the effect of adjectives. Intensifiers Intensifiers strengthen the effect of adjectives. Common intensifiers are very and really. Example: Usain Bolt is a very fast runner. It is really cold today. Some intensifiers are used with particular adjectives. For example we use the intensifier highly with the adjectives successful, intelligent, likely and unlikely.
Try to limit your use of these words as intensifiers as overuse can make writing seem clumsy. Strong adjectives: A strong adjective already includes the concept of very. Strong adjectives do not need to be intensified. Words like absolutely, exceptionally, particularly, quite and really might be used to intensify strong adjectives. Example: Russia is an absolutely enormous country.
Albert Einstein did not do well at all subjects at school but he was absolutely brilliant at mathematics. They weaken the effect of adjectives Common mitigators include fairly, rather and quite.
Example: I am rather tired. That landing was quite worrying. Unfortunately there is no rule about which order different adjectives should be placed in. Order Type of adjective Illustration 1 General opinion beautiful, ugly, easy, fast, interesting 2 Specific opinion tasty, comfortable 3 Size small, tall, short, big 4 Age young, old, new 5 Shape square, rectangular, round 6 Colour red, black, green, purple 7 Nationality American, British, Pakistani 8 Material wooden, metallic, plastic 9 Purpose or Qualifier fishing boat , racing car Example: beautiful, comfortable, big, old chair new, black and red Italian racing car round, red, wooden box Note that the adjectives before a noun are not separated by the word and unless they are colours.
Adverbs may be divided into different classes according to their use. Adverbs of: Examples Illustration of use time afterwards, already, always, before, immediately, last week, now, since, seldom, soon, then, tomorrow, yesterday.
We have met before. They came here yesterday. They ran twice round the park. I always visit my family in November. She never returns her calls. I will certainly come to the meeting.
He will possibly be late. Example: Modifying an adjective — I am exceptionally tired today. Modifying an adverb — I am quite seriously annoyed about this. Rule Adjective Adverb Adverbs are usually formed by adding —ly to an adjective quiet quietly careful carefully careless carelessly Adjectives ending in —le change it to —ly.
Adjectives ending in —ic change to —ically There are some irregular adverbs. Most adverbs have two syllables or more so they usually form the comparative and superlative by adding more and most to the adverb. The preposition indicates the relationship of the noun or pronoun to the rest of the sentence. Prepositions are used to express relationships that are mostly to do with place and time. Relationship Preposition Direction in which something is moving in relation to another person or thing from, off, into, to, towards Location of a person or thing about, above, across, along, against, amid, at, among, amongst, around, behind, below, beneath, beside, between by, beyond, down, in, inside, near, of, on, outside, over, under, underneath, up, upon, with, within.
A point in time at, on, in. A period before or after a point in time before, after, since, until. Duration during, for, through, throughout Other general relationship by, for, of Example: He left towards the mosque. I need to talk to you after the meeting. He was not paying attention during the presentation.
This is for you. Examples include due to, in spite of, on top of, out of and together with and many others Example: The match was cancelled due to the storm. I managed to do a lot of work in spite of the power failure. He has fallen out of the window. I'd like lamb please, together with rice. Many verbs must be followed by specific preposition. When there is a choice of preposition the meaning of the phrase might change. Conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence. These parts might be words, phrases, or clauses.
Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be individual words, phrases, or independent clauses. Definition: Independent clause An independent clause or main clause is a clause that can stand by itself, also known as a simple sentence. An independent clause makes sense by itself. Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join. Example: When I was at school, I played hockey, cricket and squash.
He likes Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola. I like Coca Cola but my brother likes Pepsi Cola. I want my family to be proud of me, so I am studying hard to pass my accountancy exams.
Definition: Dependent clause A dependent clause or a subordinate clause is a clause that supplies additional information about an independent clause. A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. There are many subordinating conjunctions. The most common are after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, and while.
Subordinating conjunctions come at the beginning of the subordinate clause. Example: Subordinating conjunction Independent clause Subordinating conjunction Dependent clause Khalid had to start the report again after his computer crashed. Subordinating conjunctions come at the beginning of the subordinate clause but the subordinate clause can come before the independent clause.
Example: Subordinating conjunction Subordinating conjunction Dependent clause Independent clause After his computer crashed Khalid had to start the report again. Common correlative conjunctions are set out below. I love to come and read here once in a while. Underline the adverb and circle the adjective. That was quick. Very well, thank you. His next job was at an import-export company. The ICAP examiners have recognised this and have specified the words set out in the Oxford word list. The list is reproduced as an appendix to this chapter but without definitions as this would make the text too big.
This is the list that you need to be able to use. It contains the vocabulary upon which you will be examined. The participles of a verb might be used as a noun, an adjective or an adverb. Example: Multiple roles Run is a verb I run every day but can be used as a noun I am going on a run tonight.
The present participle of run running is used to make the progressive tenses I am running but can also be used as an adjective I can hear running water. Many words in English are derived from other words. A base word might be adjusted to produce another type of word. This might be done by the addition of letters before known as a prefix or after known as a suffix the word.
This is explained in more detail in the following section. This section continues with a table showing groups of words that are linked to each other. Each of the following groups contains words that appear on the Oxford wordlist. We have taken the opportunity to add words to some groups in order to expand your vocabulary further. Words that do not appear on the Oxford wordlist are in italics. Sometimes it is difficult to see what the original form of the word was before the prefix was added to it.
However it is useful to know common prefixes in order to help understand words seen for the first time. Other prefixes are a useful tool for changing one word to another often opposites. The following table set out lists of common prefixes where it is not easy to see the base word because it might have fallen out of use. Another reason might be that the word is drawn from another language. The thing to remember is that the prefix will always give you an indication of the meaning of a word.
Prefix Meaning Base word New word a- without moral ammoral anti- against war anti-war co with pilot, co-pilot , defandant co-defendant agree, disagree, appear disappear dis- not il- not legal illegal im not moral immoral in not considerate inconsiderate ir- not responsible irresponsible macro- large scale economics macroeconomics micro- small scale economics microeconomics mis- wrong deed, misdeed, judge misjudge safe unsafe un- not 2.
Different suffixes create nouns, adjectives and verbs from a base word. Some change one type of noun or adjective into another type. The following lists are arranged to show suffixes that create nouns from a base word, those that create verbs and those that create adjectives. The suffix —ly, used to change adjectives into adverbs was discussed in the last chapter and will not be covered again.
Verb suffixes Suffixes Meaning Base word Verb -en become tight adj. Instuctor -ence -ant -er, one who one who -or -ess female waiter n. This section is simply a list of common synonyms. The list is built so that each synonym is presented in a mirrored fashion. Thus if big — large appears you will also see large — big. Homonyms are words phrases that sound alike but have very different meanings. They are a source of great confusion. Some of these cause persistent problems even for those who have English as their first language.
This section lists and explains some of the more problematic examples which seem to cause the biggest problems. The next section provides a list of further examples.
We recommend that you work through the list with a dictionary so that you can understand the differences in meaning. Word pair Meanings Illustration access way in I need access to your office next week. There were 20 people injured altogether.
The contract was between the seller, the purchaser and the bank. Not an amount of bricks. There is one in so the next one is in Is that convenient? Which is it to be? I have perfect sight. He paid me a compliment about the way that I had handled things. I can ask him for advice on any matter. Hamid would you lay the book on the table please? Hamid laid past tense the book on the table. Tricky bit! Our firm uses very attractive headed stationery. Often these changes lead to a more logical spelling of the words involved than in British English.
We should stress again that the different spellings are perfectly acceptable. Both forms are correct. British English words ending in —re These usually end in —er in American English. These are always spelled with —ize at the end in American English.
Example: British English and American English spelling British English American English apologize or apologise organize or organise apologize organize recognize or recognise recognize British English words ending in —yse These are always spelled with —yze at the end in American English. Example: British English and American English spelling British English defence American English defense licence license offence offense pretence pretense British English words ending in a vowel plus l When the participle and words with other endings are formed the final l is doubled.
This does not happen in American English. British English American English British English American English aluminium aluminum garden yard; lawn biscuit cookie; cracker gearing finance leverage bonnet of a car hood ground floor first floor boot of a car trunk lift elevator chemist drugstore lorry truck chips French fries nappy diaper cinema movie theater ordinary share common stock cot crib petrol gas; gasoline courgette zucchini postcode zip code crisps chips; potato chips pram, pushchair baby carriage; stroller current account checking account programme program dustbin garbage can queue line earth electrical ground trousers pants flat apartment The above list sets out just a few of the differences in order to provide a flavour of the issue.
It must be stressed that the fact the British and Americans use different words in some cases causes no difficulty. Most British people are very familiar with American terms from watching American TV programmes and films. How often it snow, does it snows, it snows, does it snow there during the winters? Words Antonyms bitter expensive cheap hill multiply practice confined purchase strong free refuse height depth polite valley sweet rude accept sell weak Match the words on the left with their correct synonyms on the right.
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Number 3 has a little typo. Mock, of English, for appellee. To calculate your kWH per month or per year, just multiply by the number of days in that period. This site has a good collection of free downloadable test papers from popular schools in Singapore. Make sure to include the word or language being. This grammar review site includes detailed terms, interactive exercises, handouts, PowerPoints, Twitter practice, videos, teacher resources, and more!
Lifelong Learning 12A, 12B, 12C i 7 SA1 is held at the end of term 2 probably in May. This is the format of the first part of the reading section. The test manual could be used to assign supplemental homework problems. After each talk, you will hear some questions. Students may only take one if any class in addition to work experience while they are enrolled in WE I found at least 3 instances where the answer was a long word for word quote of a case holding, but differing by one or two words toward the end of the quote.
The solutions manual and test manual as well as PowerPoint figures of aU images and tables from this book can be downloaded electronically off of Answers to all checkpoints are in the back of the book. The two books share a semantic characterization of the passive Enter your answers as a comma-separated list. A Use a comma to separate phrases. Study guide Qs. English worksheets unit 5 new headway intermediate 4th edition.
It consists of subject area tests in: English, Mathematics, Reading, and Science. Assignment List. Pre-Calculus II comprises the remaining lessons. Our practice questions are designed to be similar to those found on the AP Human Geography exam. Plato answer key english keyword after analyzing the system lists the list of keywords related and the list of websites with related content, in addition you can see which keywords most interested customers on the this website Plato Answer Key English 12a Pretest Unit 1 Platoweb answers to english 9.
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Section-A is reading comprehensive, Section-B is writing skills and section-C is literature and text books.
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Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. Discuss with relevant examples the possible roles of cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs in the surgical milieu Q2. The Guide to Grammar and Writing contains scores of digital handouts on grammar and English usage, over computer-graded quizzes, recommendations on writing -- from basic problems in subject-verb agreement and the use of articles to exercises in parallel structures and help with argumentative essays, and a way to submit questions about grammar and writing.
Project Gutenberg is a wonderful source of free E Answers English 12 - earthfirstpla. The fabric was between the boxes. Roll, Judge. Required the inclusion of an end of course exam for civics in middle school. After you listen to a dialogue and the question about it, read the five possible answers and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Answer Method Questions, Marks Approx.
C A question mark is used to end an interrogative sentence, that is, at the end of a direct question which requires an answer.
Passages on the test cover a range of This assessment will also be carried forward towards the FA-4 in Class X. CLEP offers 33 exams covering material generally taught in the first two years of college. Some of the dessert were left by the end of the birthday party. Sign in to ClassLink. Wednesday, March 24, There will be a test on Thursday.
It is said that as long as the Clans follow the warrior code, no harm shall come to them. Use your judgment. A balance of fiction and nonfiction texts are used throughout the course, and each unit is designed around a thematic concept to provide cohesiveness to the skills-based lessons and activities that make up the unit.
Find the base of each sentence and enter the parts in the appropriate column. The association of grades and personal worth causes test anxiety. Students are also expected to make effective use of technology while working mathematically, and students in both Year 10 Mathematics Extension and Year 10 Core Mathematics will begin using a CAS calculator in preparation for VCE study. Check the Design Vocabulary page for extra help.
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