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Indicate whether each of the following cells is haploid or diploid. Haploid or Diploid? A primary oocyte divides to give rise to a secondary oocyte and a first polar body.

The secondary oocyte then divides to give rise to an ovum and a second polar body. Is the genetic information found in the first polar body identical with that found in the secondary oocyte?

Solution: No, the information is not identical with that found in the secondary oocyte. The first polar body and the secondary oocyte are the result of meiosis I. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes segregate and thus both the first polar body and secondary oocyte will contain only one member of each original chromosome pair, and these will have different alleles of some of the genes.

Also the recombination that took place in prophase I will have generated new and different arrangements of genetic material for each member of the pair. Is the genetic information found in the second polar body identical with that in the ovum? Solution: No, the information is not identical. The second polar body and the ovum will contain the same members of the homologous pairs of chromosomes that were separated during meiosis I and produced by the separation of sister chromatids during anaphase II.

However, the sister chromatids are no longer identical. The sister chromatids have undergone recombination during prophase I and thus contain genetic information that is not identical to the other sister chromatids.

Can you think of a reason why failure of chromosome division might be more common in female gametogenesis than male gametogenesis? Solution: Male gametogenesis, or spermatogenesis in human males, occurs regularly. Once the spermatogonium begins meiosis, the process quickly goes to completion, resulting in the formation of four spermatids that can mature into sperm cells.

Female gametogenesis, or oogenesis in human females, is more complicated. Each oogonium enters meiosis I but stops at prophase I, generating a primary oocyte. This primary oocyte remains frozen in prophase I until ovulation begins and continues through meiosis I. Only if the egg is fertilized will meiosis II be completed.

Because the primary oocyte is present at birth, the completion of meiosis I by a primary oocyte may not occur for many years 35 to 40 years or more. The length of time could lead to degradation or damaging of the meiotic machinery such as the meiotic spindle fibers or cohesin complex. The damaged meiotic machinery could result in an improper separation of homologous pairs or of sister chromatids during the meiotic process. The spermatogenesis process does not have this time delay, which may protect the process from age-induced damage to the meiotic machinery.

On average, what proportion of the genome in the following pairs of humans would be exactly the same if no crossing over took place? For the purposes of this question only, we will ignore the special case of the X and Y sex chromosomes and assume that all genes are located on nonsex chromosomes. Father and child Solution: The father will donate one-half of his chromosomes to his child. Therefore, the father and child will have one-half of their genomes that are similar.

Mother and child. Solution: The mother will donate one-half of her chromosomes to her child. Therefore, the mother and child will have one-half of their genomes that are similar.

Two full siblings offspring that have the same two biological parents Solution: The parents can contribute only one-half of their genome to each offspring. So it is likely that the siblings share one-fourth of their genes from one parent. Half siblings offspring that have only one biological parent in common Solution: Half siblings share only one-fourth of their genomes with each other because they have only one parent in common. Uncle and niece Solution: An uncle would share one-half of his genomes with his sibling, who would share onehalf of his or her genome with his or her child.

Female bees are diploid, and male bees are haploid. The haploid males produce sperm and can successfully mate with diploid females. Fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs develop into males. How do you think the process of sperm production in male bees differs from sperm production in other animals? Solution: Most male animals produce sperm by meiosis. In haploid male bees, meiosis will not occur since meiosis can only occur in diploid cells.

Male bees can still produce sperm, but only through mitosis. Haploid cells that divide mitotically produce more haploid cells. In the analogy, is it important that the men are blind? In a cell, what does the blindness represent? Possible Answers: The analogy depends on the men being blind.

If they could see they could distinguish the socks by color and easily sort the socks so that each man got two socks of each color. While theoretically it might be possible for cells to evolve some mechanism by which they distinguish each pair of chromosomes and by this discrimination ensure that one chromosome of each pair ends up in a resulting cell, cells have not evolved such a mechanism.

Through the process of mitosis, each chromosome replicates and the two replicated copies analogous to the two socks of a pair get pulled in opposite directions and end up in separate cells. End-of-chapter Think-Pair-Share questions: Section 2. A chromosome consists of two sister chromatids. Does the genetic information on the two sister chromatids come from only one parent or from both parents? Possible Answers: This questions is designed to help address the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes, a common point of confusion for many students.

For the most part, the genetic information on the two sister chromosomes comes from the same parent, because the sister chromatids are produced by replication and are exact copies of the genetic information originally present on a single chromosome, which comes from one parent. However, crossing over can produce information from two different parents on the same chromosome.

One chromosome of a homologous pair comes from one parent and the other homolog comes from the other parent. So, after crossing over, the information on one chromatid may contain information from the other homolog which comes from the other parent. Are homologous pairs of chromosome present in mitosis? Possible Answers: This question addresses a common misconception among students who often assume that homologous pairs of chromosomes exist in meiosis but not in mitosis.

Homologous pairs of chromosomes are present in mitosis. A cell has eight chromosomes in metaphase II of meiosis. How many chromosomes and DNA molecules will be present per cell in this same organism at the following stages? Possible Answers: This question requires that students think through the different steps of mitosis and meiosis and fully understand what is happening in each stage.

Number of. What is the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes? Possible Answers: Students often are confused and have misconceptions about the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes. Sister chromatids are identical copies unless crossing over takes place of the same original chromosome.

Homologous chromosomes are different chromosomes, containing information for the same traits homologous information but not the same genetic information. One homolog comes from one parent; the other homolog comes from the other parent. List as many similarities and differences in mitosis and meiosis as you can.

Which differences do you think are most important and why? Possible Answers: Similarities Both involve chromosome and cell division. Simmkons Principles of Genetics, , 5th. Oxford - IBH. A Eukaryotic cell has genetic material in the form of genomic DNA enclosed within the nucleus. Genes or Cooper, 4th Ed. Concepts of Genetics. Prentice Hall. Prentice Hall, Inc. A conceptual approach. Pierce BA. Freeman and Company. Un enfoque conceptual.

What learning material will you need? The required learning material for the course will be Benjamin A. Conceptual Approach, 5th edition, W. Freeman and Company, New York loose-leaf packaged with. Concepts of Genetics, 10th Ed. Benjamin Cummings. Lewin's Essential Genes, 3rd Ed. All Rights Reserved. The new edition continues the Pierce tradition of pedagogical excellence and scientific currency.

Concepts of Genetics emphasises the fundamental ideas of genetics, while exploring modern techniques and applications of genetic analysis. The original problems from the textbook are included in full in this solutions manual.

The problem solutions provide detailed explanation with reference to the related sections of the main textbook. This solutions manual can also be used as a source of additional problems to supplement any basic organic chemistry text or course. The problems cover all essential material within the requirements outlined by the American Chemical Society.

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End-of-chapter questions are provided, as is an Instructor Manual. Information on individual parasites is expertly summarized in a concise appendix called the Rogues' Gallery. If You feel that this book is belong to you and you want to unpublish it, Please Contact us. Genetics: A Conceptual Approach 4th Edition.

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